University of TehranLaw Quarterly2588-561837320070923--18940FAJournal Article19700101The historical study of the Petroleum Contract improve that the Petroleum Contract is emergence of the conflict of interest of the Host country and foreign company. The conflict which is actually is transformed into collaboration in the Petroleum Contract.In order to determine this tendency to collaboration and distribution of interest and risks between the Host country and foreign company we shall focus at first on the general specification of the Petroleum Contract enabling us to specify the particularity of the Petroleum contracts which has the predominant effects on the method of the distribution of the interests and risks in exploration, development and exploitation of the petroleum in the Petroleum Contract.The historical study of the Petroleum Contract improve that the Petroleum Contract is emergence of the conflict of interest of the Host country and foreign company. The conflict which is actually is transformed into collaboration in the Petroleum Contract.In order to determine this tendency to collaboration and distribution of interest and risks between the Host country and foreign company we shall focus at first on the general specification of the Petroleum Contract enabling us to specify the particularity of the Petroleum contracts which has the predominant effects on the method of the distribution of the interests and risks in exploration, development and exploitation of the petroleum in the Petroleum Contract.University of TehranLaw Quarterly2588-561837320070923--18941FAJournal Article19700101Cet article vise à analyser la nature du discours postmoderne sur des droits de l'homme. L'argument principal suppose que le postmodernisme semble être incompatible avec l'idée des droits de l'homme en raison de son hostilité aux conceptions de l’éternité et de l'universalité de sujet.D'autre part, le discours postmoderne ne sous-estime pas les issues "morales modernes" comme fondements de droits de l'homme. Des règles morales incontestées qui sont les bases identiques de toute civilisation humaine.
Par conséquent ceci compte deux conclusions controversées : l'adoption d'un pragmatisme par des post-modernistes, lorsqu’il s’agit une lecture morale et pratique des droits de l'homme, et l'abandon d’une approche à la fois fondatrice et juridique quand il est question de théoriser des droits de l'homme et de la formation d’une société civile universelle.Cet article vise à analyser la nature du discours postmoderne sur des droits de l'homme. L'argument principal suppose que le postmodernisme semble être incompatible avec l'idée des droits de l'homme en raison de son hostilité aux conceptions de l’éternité et de l'universalité de sujet.D'autre part, le discours postmoderne ne sous-estime pas les issues "morales modernes" comme fondements de droits de l'homme. Des règles morales incontestées qui sont les bases identiques de toute civilisation humaine.
Par conséquent ceci compte deux conclusions controversées : l'adoption d'un pragmatisme par des post-modernistes, lorsqu’il s’agit une lecture morale et pratique des droits de l'homme, et l'abandon d’une approche à la fois fondatrice et juridique quand il est question de théoriser des droits de l'homme et de la formation d’une société civile universelle.University of TehranLaw Quarterly2588-561837320070923--18942FAJournal Article19700101This article hold to a comparative study in the three legal systems of European, French, American and Iranian concerning the obligation of warranty the hidden defects of products in the sale contracts. In the first instance to determinate the signification of defect and des sanctions foreseen in case of defect of product and finally the elimination of non-liability clauses in the same contract by referring the logic governing on the contract law and the Islamic regulation of Shariat.law, refundThis article hold to a comparative study in the three legal systems of European, French, American and Iranian concerning the obligation of warranty the hidden defects of products in the sale contracts. In the first instance to determinate the signification of defect and des sanctions foreseen in case of defect of product and finally the elimination of non-liability clauses in the same contract by referring the logic governing on the contract law and the Islamic regulation of Shariat.law, refundUniversity of TehranLaw Quarterly2588-561837320070923--18943FAJournal Article19700101Ce qui rend controversable l’étude du résultat de la confrontation entre l’arbitrage et la garantie bancaire sont le principe d’indépendance de la garantie et la Forte possibilité – au moins du point de vue théorique – de l’application simultanée de ces deux moyens juridiques.Néanmoins nous verrons ensuite que la rencontre de ceux-ci est d’un faible degré de contingence et que la jurisprudence est encore moins disponible aux chercheurs. Pour envisager les différents modes de cette confrontation nous avons vérifié dans la première partie de cette œuvre, le rapport entre la clause d’arbitrage et la garantie bancaire. L’effet de sentence arbitrale sur la garantie fait le sujet d’étude de notre deuxième partie.
Il se peut que la clause d'arbitrage soit stipulée dans le contrat de base. Dans ce cas, celle-ci n'influence pas en principe le paiement de garantie. En cas de sa stipulation au corps de la lettre de garantie, l’arbitre aura, dans la limite des dispositions jurisprudentielles, le droit de décider sur l’exécution ou la non-exécution de la garantie.
D’une garantie documentaire à une garantie à première demande simple, le rôle de la sentence arbitrale change, toutefois toutes les deux peuvent à posteriori justifier le paiement ou le non-paiement de la garantie et y apporter des effets.Ce qui rend controversable l’étude du résultat de la confrontation entre l’arbitrage et la garantie bancaire sont le principe d’indépendance de la garantie et la Forte possibilité – au moins du point de vue théorique – de l’application simultanée de ces deux moyens juridiques.Néanmoins nous verrons ensuite que la rencontre de ceux-ci est d’un faible degré de contingence et que la jurisprudence est encore moins disponible aux chercheurs. Pour envisager les différents modes de cette confrontation nous avons vérifié dans la première partie de cette œuvre, le rapport entre la clause d’arbitrage et la garantie bancaire. L’effet de sentence arbitrale sur la garantie fait le sujet d’étude de notre deuxième partie.
Il se peut que la clause d'arbitrage soit stipulée dans le contrat de base. Dans ce cas, celle-ci n'influence pas en principe le paiement de garantie. En cas de sa stipulation au corps de la lettre de garantie, l’arbitre aura, dans la limite des dispositions jurisprudentielles, le droit de décider sur l’exécution ou la non-exécution de la garantie.
D’une garantie documentaire à une garantie à première demande simple, le rôle de la sentence arbitrale change, toutefois toutes les deux peuvent à posteriori justifier le paiement ou le non-paiement de la garantie et y apporter des effets.University of TehranLaw Quarterly2588-561837320070923--18944FAJournal Article19700101? apparende des maladies dangreuses Comme le Sida et l’ Hépatite (qui se transf?rent par le sang), da?ns les derni?res années du si?cle precedent, pose problémes du asng contaminé et de reparation des prejudices subis par les victims. Dans le process de la transfusion du sang participant les intervenants multiplicatifs qui peuvent être responsible: Les centres de transfusion, les hôpitaux et les médecins. Les centres de transfusion sont tenus de fournir aux receveurs des produits exempts de vice. Iis ne peunent ?exonérer de cette obligation de sécurité que par la prevue d’une cause étrang?re qui ne puisse leur être imputée? apparende des maladies dangreuses Comme le Sida et l’ Hépatite (qui se transf?rent par le sang), da?ns les derni?res années du si?cle precedent, pose problémes du asng contaminé et de reparation des prejudices subis par les victims. Dans le process de la transfusion du sang participant les intervenants multiplicatifs qui peuvent être responsible: Les centres de transfusion, les hôpitaux et les médecins. Les centres de transfusion sont tenus de fournir aux receveurs des produits exempts de vice. Iis ne peunent ?exonérer de cette obligation de sécurité que par la prevue d’une cause étrang?re qui ne puisse leur être imputéeUniversity of TehranLaw Quarterly2588-561837320070923--18945FAJournal Article19700101The question of democracy in the EU is related to its nature. Scholars have repeatedly discussed the EU nature, democracy and its challenges.
The EU Constitution Treaty, although being a basic step towards answering these questions, is yet not responding to all of them. One reason may be that although the treaty has the title of Constitution, it is not treated more than an international agreement among the member states. Perhaps, the main obstacle in reaching such a vital goal is desire of the EU authorities that are reluctant to regard it more than a simple regional organization. However, this treaty by a humanity approach is trying to approach a novel view as regards relations between the member states and the Union, while its main theme has been the making of a balance for the citizens in order to draw their attention. In this paper, the approach of the judicial systems of the member states towards the EU nature and its regulations as regards democracy have been tackled and finally its nature has been evaluated through this view.The question of democracy in the EU is related to its nature. Scholars have repeatedly discussed the EU nature, democracy and its challenges.
The EU Constitution Treaty, although being a basic step towards answering these questions, is yet not responding to all of them. One reason may be that although the treaty has the title of Constitution, it is not treated more than an international agreement among the member states. Perhaps, the main obstacle in reaching such a vital goal is desire of the EU authorities that are reluctant to regard it more than a simple regional organization. However, this treaty by a humanity approach is trying to approach a novel view as regards relations between the member states and the Union, while its main theme has been the making of a balance for the citizens in order to draw their attention. In this paper, the approach of the judicial systems of the member states towards the EU nature and its regulations as regards democracy have been tackled and finally its nature has been evaluated through this view.University of TehranLaw Quarterly2588-561837320070923--18946FAJournal Article19700101Article 793 says: the pledger cannot enter in to possession of the
pledge in Such a way as to be contrary to the rights of the creditor
except with the latters permission.But among law possessions,this
problem that what kind possessions are inconsistend with mortgaged
right,has caused differences especially in judicial policy.Selling
mortgage is a prominent example of law possession that its scope has
been draw to country supreme court.
The difference is that some court take into account the selling mortgage
absolutely branches of country supreme court has been issued in favor
of recent Opinion.In contrast,some courts and country supreme court
are in favor of selling mortgage,if this selling has taken the creditor,s
rights into acount.But this article is in favor of the first opinionArticle 793 says: the pledger cannot enter in to possession of the
pledge in Such a way as to be contrary to the rights of the creditor
except with the latters permission.But among law possessions,this
problem that what kind possessions are inconsistend with mortgaged
right,has caused differences especially in judicial policy.Selling
mortgage is a prominent example of law possession that its scope has
been draw to country supreme court.
The difference is that some court take into account the selling mortgage
absolutely branches of country supreme court has been issued in favor
of recent Opinion.In contrast,some courts and country supreme court
are in favor of selling mortgage,if this selling has taken the creditor,s
rights into acount.But this article is in favor of the first opinionUniversity of TehranLaw Quarterly2588-561837320070923--18947FAJournal Article19700101A Variety of theories have been emerged about the crime and the way to prevent it. Some of these theories focus on far causes to crime committing and study about genetic and elderly treatment of children and other problems like this, while, others study closer causes to crime commitment. Crime opportunity theory is one of the last kinds. In this theory, Crime is a product of crime opportunities conjunction and thereby the effective way to prevent it, is the removing or reduction of crime opportunities. Today, this theory forms the base of different mechanical methods of crime prevention.A Variety of theories have been emerged about the crime and the way to prevent it. Some of these theories focus on far causes to crime committing and study about genetic and elderly treatment of children and other problems like this, while, others study closer causes to crime commitment. Crime opportunity theory is one of the last kinds. In this theory, Crime is a product of crime opportunities conjunction and thereby the effective way to prevent it, is the removing or reduction of crime opportunities. Today, this theory forms the base of different mechanical methods of crime prevention.University of TehranLaw Quarterly2588-561837320070923--18948FAJournal Article19700101La Justice est le lut primordial de Droit. Le Droit a parfois été defini la science du juste Mais, le probltème essential de respecter et l’éxecuter cette idée morale est l’emlbiguité de sa conception. Tous ont le sentiment de la justice, mais tous n’en ont pas la même conception. Ainsi les philosophes ont essayé de proposer les diffentes definitions afin de clarifier la nature de la justice.La Justice est le lut primordial de Droit. Le Droit a parfois été defini la science du juste Mais, le probltème essential de respecter et l’éxecuter cette idée morale est l’emlbiguité de sa conception. Tous ont le sentiment de la justice, mais tous n’en ont pas la même conception. Ainsi les philosophes ont essayé de proposer les diffentes definitions afin de clarifier la nature de la justice.University of TehranLaw Quarterly2588-561837320070923--18949FAJournal Article19700101Party Autonomy in International Commercial Transactions: the Place of International Commercial Arbitration
This paper tries to show that commercial arbitration is an important part of a general transformation, which is taking place in both domestic and international law. For various reasons there has been a strong desire for a private system of justice including arbitration and a general reluctance to submit private disputes to State courts. As a result of the expansion of international trade and investment, the second part of the last century witnessed an unprecedented growth of international arbitration. The prospect of a private dispute settlement represents an international regime which, despite national regulatory interventions, is based on a market economy, private law and a spontaneous order. The popularity of arbitration has, therefore, its roots in the changing patterns of social interactions in the modern market economies and in particular the ideas of liberty and choice of individuals to control their life. Consequently, arbitration and other forms of alternative dispute resolution are increasingly claiming ground from public administered justice.Party Autonomy in International Commercial Transactions: the Place of International Commercial Arbitration
This paper tries to show that commercial arbitration is an important part of a general transformation, which is taking place in both domestic and international law. For various reasons there has been a strong desire for a private system of justice including arbitration and a general reluctance to submit private disputes to State courts. As a result of the expansion of international trade and investment, the second part of the last century witnessed an unprecedented growth of international arbitration. The prospect of a private dispute settlement represents an international regime which, despite national regulatory interventions, is based on a market economy, private law and a spontaneous order. The popularity of arbitration has, therefore, its roots in the changing patterns of social interactions in the modern market economies and in particular the ideas of liberty and choice of individuals to control their life. Consequently, arbitration and other forms of alternative dispute resolution are increasingly claiming ground from public administered justice.University of TehranLaw Quarterly2588-561837320070923--18950FAJournal Article19700101L’arbitre tranche le litige qui lui est confie selon la procedure appropriee tout en respectant les principes auxquels elle est soumise. Susceptible des effects sur l;ordre public ,l’etude de la sentence revet une importance capitale.Bien qu’elle n’est soumise a aucune regle, la sentence arbitrale n’est guere liberee de toute entrave qui s’impose: en ce qui concerne la forme ,suivre les regles de procedure ,et quant au fond ,donner satisfaction aux pretentions des parties au litige .
La sentence rendue, l’arbitre est dessaisi . Il ne reste que recevoir l’exequatur du juge de l’ordre judiciaire, ce qui lui confere l’autorite de chose jugee.L’arbitre tranche le litige qui lui est confie selon la procedure appropriee tout en respectant les principes auxquels elle est soumise. Susceptible des effects sur l;ordre public ,l’etude de la sentence revet une importance capitale.Bien qu’elle n’est soumise a aucune regle, la sentence arbitrale n’est guere liberee de toute entrave qui s’impose: en ce qui concerne la forme ,suivre les regles de procedure ,et quant au fond ,donner satisfaction aux pretentions des parties au litige .
La sentence rendue, l’arbitre est dessaisi . Il ne reste que recevoir l’exequatur du juge de l’ordre judiciaire, ce qui lui confere l’autorite de chose jugee.University of TehranLaw Quarterly2588-561837320070923--18951FAJournal Article19700101Since ancient times, government’s responsibility to safe Guard and the public health is known among the duties of state. The achievement of this important task requires legislative interventions. Legislation is a maine key element of controlling the dangerous products.
Tobacco control respresents a very clear example of how law can be used to ensure public healt. For hundred of years governments and other palicymakers have enacted various law to control tobacco use. That is because, from several research, and official reports, nicotine is addictive and cause many diseases, like cancer of toungue. Neverselesse, the war against tobacco is not enough efficient and has no desirable result, mainely because of economic observations and influence of producers.
So, it is very helpful to study the various method of legislative control of producers and users of cigarette in different countries and the efficiency of each one.Since ancient times, government’s responsibility to safe Guard and the public health is known among the duties of state. The achievement of this important task requires legislative interventions. Legislation is a maine key element of controlling the dangerous products.
Tobacco control respresents a very clear example of how law can be used to ensure public healt. For hundred of years governments and other palicymakers have enacted various law to control tobacco use. That is because, from several research, and official reports, nicotine is addictive and cause many diseases, like cancer of toungue. Neverselesse, the war against tobacco is not enough efficient and has no desirable result, mainely because of economic observations and influence of producers.
So, it is very helpful to study the various method of legislative control of producers and users of cigarette in different countries and the efficiency of each one.