Recognition and Enforcement of Punitive Damages in Iranian Law with a Look at Italian and French Law

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Associate Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Literature and Humanities. University of Guilan. Rasht, Iran.

2 Ph.D. in Private Law, Department of Law, Faculty of Literature and Humanities. University of Guilan. Rasht, Iran.

Abstract

Punitive damages are awarded to punish wrongdoers and discourage them from repeating harmful conduct. While such damages are widely accepted in some legal systems, several other countries do not have a favorable approach to it. In such situations, if the court orders punitive damages in an international case, enforcing it in other countries will be difficult. Therefore, this research aims to answer whether foreign punitive damages will apply in these countries by examining Iran's laws and Italian and French jurisprudence. This article shows that in Iranian law, according to the principle of full compensation, the civil liability system has a primary compensatory function, but with the existence of institutions that also follow the function of punishment and deterrence, it must be accepted that the enforcement of punitive damages is not against the concept of Iranian public policy. Initially, Italian and French courts had a negative approach towards the enforcement of punitive damages Because they believed that the punitive damages awards cause unjust enrichment for the victim and the interference of private individuals in the duties and rights of public authorities, which violates the compensatory function of the civil liability system. However, this attitude changed over time, and the courts of these countries accepted the enforcement of punitive damages.

Highlights

منابع

آقایی، کامران؛ برومندبارده، نوید (1396). تحلیل حقوقی و اقتصادی خسارت تنبیهی. دانشنامة حقوق اقتصادی 24(11)، 132-159.https://doi.org/10.22067/le.v24i11.63012

اسدی، حبیب؛ لطفی دوران، علیرضا؛ باشکوه، مظفر (1399). ماهیت و مبانی خسارت تنبیهی و نهادهای حقوقی مشابه در فقه و حقوق ایران. پژوهش‌های فقهی 16 (4)، 684-651. https://doi.org/10.22059/jorr.2020.304918.1008860

الماسی، نجادعلی (1393). حقوق بین‌الملل خصوصی، تهران: میزان.

بابائی، ایرج (1397). حقوق مسئولیت مدنی و الزامات خارج از قرارداد. تهران: میزان.

باریکلو، علیرضا (1397). مسئولیت مدنی. تهران: میزان

خسروی‌فارسانی، علی؛ بیرانوند، شاهپور (1389). مقایسۀ تطبیقی وجه التزام و خسارت تنبیهی. مجلۀ حقوقی دادگستری 70(2)، 133-151.     https://doi.org/10.22106/jlj.2010.11179

داراب‌پور، مهراب و سلطانی احمدآباد، سعید (1394). «فلسفه حقوقی و ماهیت خسارت تنبیهی»، مجلۀ حقوقی بین‌المللی 52(1)، 61-90.   https://doi.org/10.22066/CILAMAG.2015.15748  

رجبی، عبداله (1399). شرایط و آثار اقدامات پیشدستانه در حقوق ایران. مطالعات حقوق خصوصی 50(4)، 687-706.https://doi.org/10.22059/jlq.2020.273694.1007161

سلجوقی، محمود (1400). حقوق بین‌الملل خصوصی. ج2، تهران: میزان.

شهبازی‌نیا، مرتضی؛ عیسایی تفرشی، محمد؛ علمی، حسین (1392). مفهوم نظم عمومی در حقوق بین‌الملل خصوصی و جایگاه آن در داوری تجاری بین‌المللی. فصلنامۀ حقوق 43(1)، 93-111.  https://doi.org/10.22059/JLQ.2013.35282

صادقی، محمد؛ غلامی، سمیرا (1400). چالش‌ها و کاستی‌های حقوقی مطالبۀ خسارت تنبیهی. فصلنامۀ تعالی حقوق، 12(2)، 106-134.

https://doi.org/10.22034/thdad.2021.494481.1554    

صفایی، سیدحسین؛ رحیمی، حبیب اله (1397). مسئولیت مدنی تطبیقی. تهران: شهر دانش.

صفائی، سیدحسین؛ رحیمی، حبیب‌الله (1396). مسئولیت مدنی (الزامات خارج از قرارداد)، تهران: سمت.

عالی‌پناه، علیرضا (1387). بررسی تطبیقی دیه و خسارات تنبیهی در فقه امامیه و نظام حقوقی کامن‌لا. پژوهشنامۀ حقوق اسلامی 9(1)، 37-67. در:

    https://ilr.isu.ac.ir/article_1270.html (11 مرداد 1403)

عطار، شیما (1394). جایگاه خسارت تنبیهی در نظام مسئولیت مدنی فرانسه. پژوهش‌های حقوق خصوصی 6(2)، 125-147. در: https://jpl.sdil.ac.ir/article_42037.html  (در 12 مرداد 1403)

قاسمی‌حامد، عباس؛ خسروی‌فارسانی، علی؛ آقابابایی، فهیمه (1392). خسارت تنبیهی در حقوق ایران. مجلۀ حقوقی دادگستری 81(1)، 161-187.

    https://doi.org/10.22106/jlj.2013.10982

کاتوزیان، ناصر (1395). الزام‌های خارج از قرارداد. ج 1، تهران: دانشگاه تهران

نوربها، رضا (1391). زمینۀ حقوق جزای عمومی. تهران: گنج دانش.

 

References

Adar, Y. (2012). Touring the punitive damages forest: A proposed roadmap. Osservatorio del Diritto Civile e Commerciale 1(2), 275-322. https://doi.org/10.4478/72692

Aghaei, K., & buromand, N. (2017). Legal and Economic Analysis of Punitive Damages. Encyclopedia of Economic Law Journal 24(11), 132-159.

    https://doi.org/10.22067/le.v24i11.63012 (Accessed 29     February 2024). [in Persian]

Aalipanah, A. (2012). A Comparative Analysis of Blood money and Punitive Damages in the Shiite Jurisprulence and Common Law. Islamic Law Research Journal 9(27), 37-67.  at: https://ilr.isu.ac.ir/article_1270.html (1 August 2024) [in Persian]

Almasi, N. A. (2014). Private International Law 13th edition, Tehran: Mizan publishing. [in Persian]

Asadi, H., Lotfi Doaran, A. & Bashokouh, M. (2020). The Nature and the Basics of Punitive Damage and Similar Legal Institutions in Iranian Jurisprudence and Law. Religious Researches, 16(4), 651-684.

https://doi.org/10.22059/jorr.2020.304918.1008860 [in Persian]

Attar, S. (2016). Punitive Damages on French Civil Liability. Journal of Private Law 3(6), 125-147. at: https://jpl.sdil.ac.ir/article_42037.html (Accessed 2 August 2024) [in Persian]

Babaei, I. (2018). Tort Law. Tehran: Mizan Legal Foundation. [in Persian]

Bariklo, A. (2018). Civil Responsibility. Tehran: Mizan Legal Foundation. [in Persian]

Biagioni, G. (2019). The Recognition of Punitive Damages in Italy. in Punitive damages and private international law: state of the art and future developments. Editors Stefania Bariatti, Luigi Fumagalli and Zeno Crespi Reghizzi, Milan: Wolters Kluwer Italia. https://doi.org/10.1515/jetl-2018-0105

Boskovic, O. (2019). Recognition and Enforcment of Punitive Damages in France. in Punitive damages and private international law: state of the art and future developments, Editors Stefania Bariatti, Luigi Fumagalli and Zeno Crespi Reghizzi, Milan: Wolters Kluwer Italia.

Brand, R. A. (1996). Punitive Damages and the Recognition of Judgments. Netherlands International Law Review 43(2), 143 – 186. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0165070X00004915

Cane, P. (1997). The Anatomy of Tort Law. Oxford: Hart Publishing.

Cooke, J. (2017). Law of Tort. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.

Darabpour, M. D., & Soltani Ahmadabad, S. (2015). The Legal Concept and the Nature of Punitive Damages. International Law Review 32(52), 61-90.

    https://doi.org/10.22066/cilamag.2015.15748 [in Persian]

Fellmeth, A. X.; Horwitz, M. (2009). Guide to latin in international law. New York: Oxford University Press.

Garner, B. A. (2009). Black`s Law Dictionary, Saint Paul: Thomson Reuters.

Ghasemy Hamed, A., khosravi Farsani, A., & Aghababaee, F. (2013). Punitive Damages in Iranian Legal System. The Judiciaries Law Journal 77(81), 161-187.

    https://doi.org/10.22106/jlj.2013.10982. [in Persian]

Gifis H., S. (2011). Law dictionary. China: Barron’s.

Greco, D. (2022). Italy and the Enforcement of Foreign Judgments on Third States’ Tort Liability for Sponsoring Terrorism. the italian review of international and comparative law 2, 123-139. https://doi.org/10.1163/27725650-02010006

Harpwood, V. (2009). Modern Tort Law, Oxon: Routledge-Cavendish.

Janke, B. W. & Licari, F. X. (2012). Enforcing Punitive Damage Awards in France after Fountaine Pajot. American Journal of Comparative Law 60(3), 775-804.

     https://doi.org/10.5131/AJCL.2011.0029

Katouzian, N. (2015). Non-Contractual Obligations. Vol. 1, Tehran: University of Tehran Press. [in Persian]

Khosravi Farsani, A., & Beyranvand, S. (2010). Comparative Analysis of Liquidated Damage and the Punitive Damage. The Judiciarys Law Journal 74(70), 133-151. https://doi.org/10.22106/jlj.2010.11179. [in Persian]

Martin, E. (2011). Oxford Dictionary of Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Meurkens, L. (2012). The punitive damages debate in continental Europe: Food for thought. In Is Europe missing out?. Editors Lotte Meurkens and Emily Nordin. Portland: Intersentia.

Mills, A. (2008). The Dimensions of Public Policy in Private International Law. Journal of private International Law 4(2), 201-236. https://doi.org/10.1080/17536235.2008.11424339

Nagy, C. I. (2012). Recognition and Enforcement of US Judgments Involving Punitive Damages in Continental Europe. Nederlands Internationaal Privaatrecht, 30(1), 4-11. at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2084380 (Accessed 8 April 2024)

Noorbaha, R. (2012). Background of General Criminal Law. Tehran: Ganj Danesh. [in Persian]

Quarta, F. (2017). Italian Corte di Cassazione 5 July 2017 no 16601. The Italian Law Journal 3(2), 277-289. at: https://theitalianlawjournal.it/data/uploads/3-italj-2-2017/italian-corte-di-cassazione-5-july-2017-no-16601.pdf (Accessed 3 February 2024)

Quarta, F. (2008). Recognition and Enforcement of U.S. Punitive Damages Awards in Continental Europe: The Italian Supreme Court's Veto. Hastings international and comparative law review 31(2), 753-782.https://repository.uclawsf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1701&context=hastings_international_comparative_law_review (Accessed 3 April 2024)

Quinn, F. (2012). Tort Law. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.

Rajabi, A. (2020). Requirements of Anticipatory Actions in Tort Law. Law Quarterly, 50(4), 687-706.    https://doi.org/10.22059/jlq.2020.273694.1007161 [in Persian]

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     https://doi.org/10.22034/thdad.2021.494481.1554. [in Persian]

Safaei, S. H. & Rahimi, H. (2018). Comparative Tort Law. Tehran: Danesh City Institute of Law Research and Study. [in Persian]

Safaei, S. H. & Rahimi, H. (2017). Civil Liability (Non-Contractual Obligations). Tehran: Organization for the Study and Compilation of University Humanities Books (SAMT). [in Persian]

Saldjoughi, M. (2021). Private International Law. Vol. 2, Tehran: Mizan publishing. ]in Persian[

Shahbazinia, M., Isaei Tafreshi, M., & Elmi, H. (2013). The Concept of Public Order In Private International Law And Its Place In International Commercial Arbitration. Private Law Studies Quarterly 43(1), 93-111.    https://doi.org/10.22059/jlq.2013.35282. [in Persian]

Sibon, A. (2013). Enforcing Punitive Damages Awards in France: Facing Proportionality within International Public Policy. SSRN Electronic Journal, at SSRN:

    https://ssrn.com/abstract=2382817. DOI:10.2139/ssrn.2382817

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Keywords

References

منابع

آقایی، کامران؛ برومندبارده، نوید (1396). تحلیل حقوقی و اقتصادی خسارت تنبیهی. دانشنامة حقوق اقتصادی 24(11)، 132-159. https://doi.org/10.22067/le.v24i11.63012
اسدی، حبیب؛ لطفی دوران، علیرضا؛ باشکوه، مظفر (1399). ماهیت و مبانی خسارت تنبیهی و نهادهای حقوقی مشابه در فقه و حقوق ایران. پژوهش‌های فقهی 16 (4)، 684-651. https://doi.org/10.22059/jorr.2020.304918.1008860
الماسی، نجادعلی (1393). حقوق بین‌الملل خصوصی، تهران: میزان.
بابائی، ایرج (1397). حقوق مسئولیت مدنی و الزامات خارج از قرارداد. تهران: میزان.
باریکلو، علیرضا (1397). مسئولیت مدنی. تهران: میزان
خسروی‌فارسانی، علی؛ بیرانوند، شاهپور (1389). مقایسۀ تطبیقی وجه التزام و خسارت تنبیهی. مجلۀ حقوقی دادگستری 70(2)، 133-151.     https://doi.org/10.22106/jlj.2010.11179
داراب‌پور، مهراب و سلطانی احمدآباد، سعید (1394). «فلسفه حقوقی و ماهیت خسارت تنبیهی»، مجلۀ حقوقی بین‌المللی 52(1)، 61-90.   https://doi.org/10.22066/CILAMAG.2015.15748  
رجبی، عبداله (1399). شرایط و آثار اقدامات پیشدستانه در حقوق ایران. مطالعات حقوق خصوصی 50(4)، 687-706.https://doi.org/10.22059/jlq.2020.273694.1007161
سلجوقی، محمود (1400). حقوق بین‌الملل خصوصی. ج2، تهران: میزان.
شهبازی‌نیا، مرتضی؛ عیسایی تفرشی، محمد؛ علمی، حسین (1392). مفهوم نظم عمومی در حقوق بین‌الملل خصوصی و جایگاه آن در داوری تجاری بین‌المللی. فصلنامۀ حقوق 43(1)، 93-111.  https://doi.org/10.22059/JLQ.2013.35282
صادقی، محمد؛ غلامی، سمیرا (1400). چالش‌ها و کاستی‌های حقوقی مطالبۀ خسارت تنبیهی. فصلنامۀ تعالی حقوق، 12(2)، 106-134.https://doi.org/10.22034/thdad.2021.494481.1554    
صفایی، سیدحسین؛ رحیمی، حبیب اله (1397). مسئولیت مدنی تطبیقی. تهران: شهر دانش.
صفائی، سیدحسین؛ رحیمی، حبیب‌الله (1396). مسئولیت مدنی (الزامات خارج از قرارداد)، تهران: سمت.
عالی‌پناه، علیرضا (1387). بررسی تطبیقی دیه و خسارات تنبیهی در فقه امامیه و نظام حقوقی کامن‌لا. پژوهشنامۀ حقوق اسلامی 9(1)، 37-67. در:    https://ilr.isu.ac.ir/article_1270.html (11 مرداد 1403)
عطار، شیما (1394). جایگاه خسارت تنبیهی در نظام مسئولیت مدنی فرانسه. پژوهش‌های حقوق خصوصی 6(2)، 125-147. در: https://jpl.sdil.ac.ir/article_42037.html  (در 12 مرداد 1403)
قاسمی‌حامد، عباس؛ خسروی‌فارسانی، علی؛ آقابابایی، فهیمه (1392). خسارت تنبیهی در حقوق ایران. مجلۀ حقوقی دادگستری 81(1)، 161-187.    https://doi.org/10.22106/jlj.2013.10982
کاتوزیان، ناصر (1395). الزام‌های خارج از قرارداد. ج 1، تهران: دانشگاه تهران
نوربها، رضا (1391). زمینۀ حقوق جزای عمومی. تهران: گنج دانش.
 
References
Adar, Y. (2012). Touring the punitive damages forest: A proposed roadmap. Osservatorio del Diritto Civile e Commerciale 1(2), 275-322. https://doi.org/10.4478/72692
Aghaei, K., & buromand, N. (2017). Legal and Economic Analysis of Punitive Damages. Encyclopedia of Economic Law Journal 24(11), 132-159.
    https://doi.org/10.22067/le.v24i11.63012 (Accessed 29     February 2024). [in Persian]
Aalipanah, A. (2012). A Comparative Analysis of Blood money and Punitive Damages in the Shiite Jurisprulence and Common Law. Islamic Law Research Journal 9(27), 37-67.  at: https://ilr.isu.ac.ir/article_1270.html (1 August 2024) [in Persian]
Almasi, N. A. (2014). Private International Law 13th edition, Tehran: Mizan publishing. [in Persian]
Asadi, H., Lotfi Doaran, A. & Bashokouh, M. (2020). The Nature and the Basics of Punitive Damage and Similar Legal Institutions in Iranian Jurisprudence and Law. Religious Researches, 16(4), 651-684.
https://doi.org/10.22059/jorr.2020.304918.1008860 [in Persian]
Attar, S. (2016). Punitive Damages on French Civil Liability. Journal of Private Law 3(6), 125-147. at: https://jpl.sdil.ac.ir/article_42037.html (Accessed 2 August 2024) [in Persian]
Babaei, I. (2018). Tort Law. Tehran: Mizan Legal Foundation. [in Persian]
Bariklo, A. (2018). Civil Responsibility. Tehran: Mizan Legal Foundation. [in Persian]
Biagioni, G. (2019). The Recognition of Punitive Damages in Italy. in Punitive damages and private international law: state of the art and future developments. Editors Stefania Bariatti, Luigi Fumagalli and Zeno Crespi Reghizzi, Milan: Wolters Kluwer Italia. https://doi.org/10.1515/jetl-2018-0105
Boskovic, O. (2019). Recognition and Enforcment of Punitive Damages in France. in Punitive damages and private international law: state of the art and future developments, Editors Stefania Bariatti, Luigi Fumagalli and Zeno Crespi Reghizzi, Milan: Wolters Kluwer Italia.
Brand, R. A. (1996). Punitive Damages and the Recognition of Judgments. Netherlands International Law Review 43(2), 143 – 186. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0165070X00004915
Cane, P. (1997). The Anatomy of Tort Law. Oxford: Hart Publishing.
Cooke, J. (2017). Law of Tort. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
Darabpour, M. D., & Soltani Ahmadabad, S. (2015). The Legal Concept and the Nature of Punitive Damages. International Law Review 32(52), 61-90.
    https://doi.org/10.22066/cilamag.2015.15748 [in Persian]
Fellmeth, A. X.; Horwitz, M. (2009). Guide to latin in international law. New York: Oxford University Press.
Garner, B. A. (2009). Black`s Law Dictionary, Saint Paul: Thomson Reuters.
Ghasemy Hamed, A., khosravi Farsani, A., & Aghababaee, F. (2013). Punitive Damages in Iranian Legal System. The Judiciaries Law Journal 77(81), 161-187.
    https://doi.org/10.22106/jlj.2013.10982. [in Persian]
Gifis H., S. (2011). Law dictionary. China: Barron’s.
Greco, D. (2022). Italy and the Enforcement of Foreign Judgments on Third States’ Tort Liability for Sponsoring Terrorism. the italian review of international and comparative law 2, 123-139. https://doi.org/10.1163/27725650-02010006
Harpwood, V. (2009). Modern Tort Law, Oxon: Routledge-Cavendish.
Janke, B. W. & Licari, F. X. (2012). Enforcing Punitive Damage Awards in France after Fountaine Pajot. American Journal of Comparative Law 60(3), 775-804.
     https://doi.org/10.5131/AJCL.2011.0029
Katouzian, N. (2015). Non-Contractual Obligations. Vol. 1, Tehran: University of Tehran Press. [in Persian]
Khosravi Farsani, A., & Beyranvand, S. (2010). Comparative Analysis of Liquidated Damage and the Punitive Damage. The Judiciarys Law Journal 74(70), 133-151. https://doi.org/10.22106/jlj.2010.11179. ]in Persian[
Martin, E. (2011). Oxford Dictionary of Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Meurkens, L. (2012). The punitive damages debate in continental Europe: Food for thought. In Is Europe missing out?. Editors Lotte Meurkens and Emily Nordin. Portland: Intersentia.
Mills, A. (2008). The Dimensions of Public Policy in Private International Law. Journal of private International Law 4(2), 201-236. https://doi.org/10.1080/17536235.2008.11424339
Nagy, C. I. (2012). Recognition and Enforcement of US Judgments Involving Punitive Damages in Continental Europe. Nederlands Internationaal Privaatrecht, 30(1), 4-11. at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2084380 (Accessed 8 April 2024)
Noorbaha, R. (2012). Background of General Criminal Law. Tehran: Ganj Danesh. [in Persian]
Quarta, F. (2017). Italian Corte di Cassazione 5 July 2017 no 16601. The Italian Law Journal 3(2), 277-289. at: https://theitalianlawjournal.it/data/uploads/3-italj-2-2017/italian-corte-di-cassazione-5-july-2017-no-16601.pdf (Accessed 3 February 2024)
Quarta, F. (2008). Recognition and Enforcement of U.S. Punitive Damages Awards in Continental Europe: The Italian Supreme Court's Veto. Hastings international and comparative law review 31(2), 753-782.
https://repository.uclawsf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1701&context=hastings_international_comparative_law_review (Accessed 3 April 2024)
Quinn, F. (2012). Tort Law. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
Rajabi, A. (2020). Requirements of Anticipatory Actions in Tort Law. Law Quarterly, 50(4), 687-706.
    https://doi.org/10.22059/jlq.2020.273694.1007161 [in Persian]
Rogers, W. V. H. (2006). Winfield & Jolowicz on Tort. London: Sweet & Maxwell.
Sadeghi, M., & Gholami, S. (2021). Legal Challenges and Shortcomings of Claims for Punitive Damages. Culmination of Law 7(2), 106-134.
     https://doi.org/10.22034/thdad.2021.494481.1554. [in Persian]
Safaei, S. H. & Rahimi, H. (2018). Comparative Tort Law. Tehran: Danesh City Institute of Law Research and Study. [in Persian]
Safaei, S. H. & Rahimi, H. (2017). Civil Liability (Non-Contractual Obligations). Tehran: Organization for the Study and Compilation of University Humanities Books (SAMT). [in Persian]
Saldjoughi, M. (2021). Private International Law. Vol. 2, Tehran: Mizan publishing. [in Persian]
Shahbazinia, M., Isaei Tafreshi, M., & Elmi, H. (2013). The Concept of Public Order In Private International Law And Its Place In International Commercial Arbitration. Private Law Studies Quarterly 43(1), 93-111.    https://doi.org/10.22059/jlq.2013.35282. [in Persian]
Sibon, A. (2013). Enforcing Punitive Damages Awards in France: Facing Proportionality within International Public Policy. SSRN Electronic Journal, at SSRN:
    https://ssrn.com/abstract=2382817. DOI:10.2139/ssrn.2382817
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Law Quarterly
Volume 54, Issue 4
January 2025
Pages 598-571

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