FOUNDATIONS OF THE RIGHT OF ACTION OF THE INSURED AGAINST REINSURER (WITH EMPHASIS ON THE UNITED STATES COURTS' DECISIONS)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Private and Islamic Law Department, University of Tehran, Iran

2 Ph.D. in Private Law, Private and Islamic Law Department, University of Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Insurer companies frequently reinsure part of their risks before reinsurers. The question of right of action of the insured against the reinsurer then arises. The common response to this question is negative because of the principle of the privacy of contracts. However, courts, particularly in the United States, have recognized this direct action on various grounds, especially in case of insolvency of the ceding company. This article examines the contractual and extra-contractual bases of this direct action in American and Iranian law.

Keywords


الف) فارسی
1. بابایی، ایرج (1389)، حقوق بیمه، تهران: انتشارات سمت.
2. پاول، آلن (1386)، بیمۀ مسئولیت، جلد 1، تهران: انتشارات کوهسار.
3. دهنوی، زهرا (1383)، درک روش بیمۀ اتکایی- میانجیگری دارایی‌ها، مجلۀ تازه‌های جهان بیمه، شمارۀ 71.
4.  شعاریان، ابراهیم (1388)، انتقال قرارداد، نظریۀ عمومی تبریز: انتشارات فروزش.
5. کاتوزیان، ناصر، ایزانلو، محسن (1387)، بیمۀ مسئولیت مدنی، تهران: دانشگاه تهران.
6. کاتوزیان، ناصر (1386)، الزام‌های خارج از قرارداد، تهران: دانشگاه تهران.
7. کاتوزیان، ناصر (1387)، قواعد عمومی قراردادها، ج 3، تهران: سهامی انتشار.
8. کریمی، آیت (1366)، آشنایی با جنبه‌های عمومی بیمۀ اتکایی، فصلنامۀ بیمۀ مرکزی ایران، شمارۀ دوم.
9. گودرزی، حجت‌الله، شمس، میر فلاح (1385)، اصول قراردادهای بیمه، تهران: صادق‌نیا.
10. لوئیس کارتر، رابرت (1390)، بیمۀ اتکایی ،تهران: پژوهشکدۀ بیمه.
 
ب) خارجی
11. Abramovsky, Aviva, (2008), "Reinsurance: the Silent Regulator?", http://Cwis.Syr.Edu,Syracuse University
12. Bicford Peter, (2003) "Dealing with Insolvencies in the Collection of Reinsurance", for the American Conference Institute: Conference on Reinsurance Claims and Collections, New York
13. Debra Hall,(n.d), "Rights and Responsibility of Reinsurer in Receivership", The International Journal  of Insurance Law
14. Darrington Semple, and Robert Hal, (1986), "the Reinsurer's Liability in the Event of the Insolvency of a Ceding Property and Casullty Insurer", Tort & Insurance Law Journal, vol.21
15. Downs Walter, (1935), "Liability of Reinsurer of an Insolvent Surety to Furnishers of Labor or Material on Contracts with the United States",   Ins. Counsel J, vol. 2
16. Graydon Starw, (1989), "the Law of Reinsurance Contracts in California in Relation to Anglo-American Common Law",U.S.F.l.Rev.vol23
17. Gurley John, (1984) ," Regulation of Reinsurance in the United States", 19 Forum
18. Jericho Eugene, (1988), "Insurance and Reinsurance Disputes", Defence Counsel Journal, vol.
19. Khawar Rizvan, (2002), "Reinsurance and Privity in the Past, Present and Future: Privity of Contract in Reinsurance and the Contracts(Tights of Third Parties) Act 1999", Tulane Law Review, vol.77
20. Leichtling Adam, Paredes Laura, (2006) "Fundamental Concepts in Reinsurance in Latin American Countries", Inter-American Law Review, vol.37.1
21. Nutter Franklin, (1983), "Reinsurance Issues in the Liquidation of Insolvent Insurers", 18 Forum
22. Olson James Robert, (1966), "Reinsurer Liability to the Insolvent Reinsured",  Notre Dame L. vol. 41
23. P.T.O'neill ,W.Woloniecki, The Law of Reinsurance in England and Bermuda , London , Sweet and Maxwell , 2004
24. Rred, Simpson, (n.d), "When Fronting Carriers Equity Protects Policyholders"
25. Rudnik, James, (1995) "Reinsurance as a Source of Recovery for Insured Losses", 15 Constr. Law. 
26. Segalla, Thomas, (2002), "Insurance, Reinsurance and Self-Insured Retention: the Basics and Beyond", ,FDCC Quarterly, vol. 53,1
27. Shanman, James, Stone,David, (2010) "Issues Arising from Reinsurance of Captive", Newaatand
28. Sheffey, John, (1981) "Reinsurance Intermediaries: Their Relationship to Reinsured and Reinsurer", 16 Forum
29. Thompson David, (1981) "Critical Issues of the Elghtles: How Trends in Reinsurance Will Affect Legal", Legislatire and Regulatory Actions, Form16
30. Liu, Tianfu, Direct Action in Marine  Reinsurance, A Thesis of LL.M, Institute of Comparative law, Mcgill University, Montréal, February 2002
31. W. R. Vance, (1902) "The Contract of Teinsurance", The Virginia Law Register, vol. 7, No. 10