Law Quarterly

Law Quarterly

PRIVATIZATION OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGES; SHIFTING FROM INTERNATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY OF STATE TO RESPONSIBILITY OF DANGEROUS ACTIVITIES OF OPERATORS

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors
Ali Mashhadi 1
Atiyeh Shahhosseini 2
1 Associate Professor, Public &International law Department, Qom University
2 MSc of International law, University of Qom
10.22059/jlq.2017.62618
Abstract
Under traditional public law international responsibility arising out of environmental damages usually imposed on states. But whereas some environmental damages are arising from private sector activities, it is not sufficient to limit this responsibility only on states without providing any responsibility on private sector in many cases. So a positive change created in the field of international responsibility arising out of environmental damages, that it is development of the responsibility scope to private sector. There are two ways for privatizing: approval of primary responsibility of operator instead of origin state responsibility that is named channeling and reducing the level of responsibility from intergovernmental level to civil law level of origin State.
Keywords
"Channeling of international responsibility"
"Civil liability of private sector"
"International responsibility"
"Operator"
"State Responsibility"
"Privatization of Responsibility"

  1. الف) فارسی

    1. ضیایی بیگدلی، محمدرضا (1391)، حقوق بین‌الملل عمومی، چ چهل‌ودوم، تهران: گنج دانش.
    2. ژوردن، پاتریس (1382)، اصول مسئولیت مدنی همراه با آرای دیوانعالی کشور فرانسه، ترجمۀ مجید ادیب، تهران: میزان.
    3. داراب‌پور، مهراب؛ زارع نعمتی، رؤیا (1390)، «تعهدات دولت‌ها در پیشگیری و جبران خسارت ناشی از حوادث اتمی»، مجلۀ حقوقی بین‌المللی، نشریۀ مرکز امور حقوقی بین‌المللی ریاست جمهوری، سال بیست‌وهشتم، ش 44.
    4. کاتوزیان، ناصر؛ انصاری، مهدی (1387)، «مسئولیت ناشی از خسارت‌های زیست‌محیطی»، فصلنامۀ حقوق، مجلۀ دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دورۀ سی‌وهشتم، ش 2.
    5. عبداللهی، محسن (1390)، «رویکردهای نظام مسئولیت بین‌المللی در جبران خسارات ناشی از اعمال منع نشده در حقوق بین‌الملل»، مجلۀ تحقیقات حقوقی، ش 56.
    6. یزدانیان، علیرضا؛ حبیبیان، هدیه (1393)، «مسئول جبران خسارات ناشی از حوادث هسته‌ای در کنوانسیون‌های بین‌المللی و حقوق ایران»، مجلۀ مطالعات حقوقی دانشگاه شیراز، دورۀ ششم، ش2.
    7. یدایی امناب، محسن (1389)، رویکرد نظام بین‌المللی دولت­ها در خسارت‌های زیست‌محیطی، پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی‌ارشد، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی.
    8. قرشی سروندانی، سیده نرگس (1391)، مسئولیت بین‌المللی دولت­ها در قبال حملات سایبری، پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی‌ارشد، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی.

    ب) لاتین

    Books

    1. Bergkamp,Lucas,(2001), liability and environment private and public law aspects of civil liability for environmental harm,Firstedition,Netherlands:Kluwer law international.
    2. Brown Weiss,Edith; C.MC Caffrey,Stephen; Barstow Magraw,Daniel;C.Szasz,Paul;E.Lutz,Robert,(1998),International Environmental law and Policy,Aspenlaw&Business (A Division of Aspen publishers,inc) .
    3. Fuchs, O., & Déjeant-Pons, M. (2003). Pour une définition communautaire de la responsabilité environnementale: comment appliquer le principe pollueur-payeur?. Editions L'Harmattan.
    4. Stoiber,Carlton;Baer,Alec; Pelzer,Norbert; Tonhauser,Wolfram,(2003),Handbook on Nuclear Law, First edition,Vienna, IAEA.
    5. Stone,F.Ferdinand,(1983),Liability for damage Caused by Things, International Encyclopedia of Camparative Law, (by Ander Tunk), Volume XI: Torts, part I, The Hague- Boston, London: Tubingen and MartinusNijhoff Publisher.
    6. Trevor,J.P.H,(1969),Principles of civil liability for Nuclear Damage.Nuclear Law for a Developing World,Legal Series,No.5,Vienna,IAEA.
    7. Woolley QC,David;Pugh-Smith,John ;Langham,Richard and Upton,William.EnvironmentalLaw,FirstPublished,oxford university press.
    8. Nuclear Energy Agency, Nuclear Legislation: Analytical Study, OECD Publishing, 2000.

    Articles

    1. A.Schwartz, Julia,( 2006)."International Nuclear Third Party Liability Law:The Response to Chernobyle",Journal ofInternatonal Nuclear Law in the Post-Chernobyl Period,No.1.
    2. Caubet, Christian G.(1983) "Le droit international en quête d'une responsabilité pour les dommages résultant d'activités qu'il n'interdit pas." Annuaire français de droit international 29.1, 99-120.
    3. Doeker,Gunter&Gehring,Thomas,(1990), "private or International liability for Transnational Environmental Damage-The precedent of Conventional Liability Regimes", Journal of Environmental Law, Vol. 2.
    4. Fitzgerald, Gerald F.(1980), "Le Canada et le développement du droit international: La contribution de l’Affaire de la fonderie de Trail à la formation du nouveau droit de la pollution atmosphérique transfrontière." Études internationales ,11.3, 393-419.
    5. Foster,Caroline,(2005),"The ILC darft principles on the Allocation of Loss in the case of Transboundary Harm arising out of Hazardous activities:PrivatizingRisk?"RECIEL ,vol.14.No.3.
    6. Jardim Oliveira, Thiago B.(2012), "La Diligence Due Dans La Prévention Des Dommages À L'Environnement (Due Diligence and Prevention of Environmental Harm)." VII Anuário Brasileiro de Direito Internacional/Annuaire Brésilien de Droit International/Brazilian Yearbook of International Law 2.13, 205-242.
    7. Mcrae,Ben,(1998), "The Compensation Convention: Path to a Global Regime for Dealing with Legal Liability and Compensation for Nuclear Damage", Nuclear Law Bulletin, IAEA & NEA,vol.619, No. 61.
    8. Pelzer, Norbert (2007)," International pooling of Operator'sFunds: an Option to Increase the Amount of Financial.
    9. Pelzer, Norbert(2010),"Réflexions portant sur l'indemnisation et la réparation des dommages nucléaires à l'environnement." Bulletin de droit nucléaire, 2, 55-64.
    10. Security to Cover Nuclear Liability" ,Journal of Nuclear Law Bulletin,No.79
    11. Spaeter, Sandrine.(2004), "L'incidence des régimes de responsabilité environnementale sur les comportements de prévention et d'assurance des firmes." Revue économique, 55.2. 227-245.
    12. Thunis, Xavier.(2010) "Le principe du pollueur-payeur: de l’imputation des coûts à la détermination des responsabilités." Stratégies de développement durable ,169-1999.

    Document

    1. Gabcikove-Nagymaros project (Hungary/Solovakia) IcjJudgement, 1997, Para. 149.
    2. Brussels Convention Relating to Civil Liability in the Field of Maritime Carrage of Nuclear Material (1971),
    3. IAEA, International Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (Vienna), 1976.
    4. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity,Nairobi 2000.
    5. Directive 2004/35/CE of the European Parliament and of the Council,21 April 2004, on environmental liability with regard to the prevention and remedying of environmental damage,Official Journal of the European Union,L 143/56,30.4.2004.
    6. Draft Principles on the Allocation of Loss in the Case of Transboundary Harm arising out of Hazardous Activities,YILC 2006,(A/61/10),Vol II .
    7. Financial Regulations of the International OIL Pollution Compensation Supplementary fund Established under the 2003 Supplementary fund Protocol.
    8. International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage,Brussels,29 Nov, 1996.
    9. International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage (2001).
    10. International Maritime Organization Protocol of 1992 to amend the International Convention on the Establishment of in International fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage of 18 December 1971.
    11. The International Convention on Civil Liability for Pollution Damage (1992).
    12. Paris Convention on Third party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy,OECD,29 July 1960,European Yearbook of International Law,Vol.6,1960.
    13. Supplementary Protocol on [Liability and Redress for] Damage Resulting from Transboundary Movement of Living Modified Organisms to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety.
    14. Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage ,29 May 1963,UNTS,Vol.1063,p.265.in force 12 November 1997.

    Sites

    1. European Policy Office (2000), Common Comments on the Commission white paper on environmental liability, p 19, Available in: http://www.regjeringen.no/.../Miljoverndepartementet/260597/260604/t-1300_pollution_control_act.html.
    2. CharlesPirotte, La directive 2004/35/CE du 21 avril 2004 sur la responsabiliteenvironnementale: premiers commentaries, p. 8, Available in: http://www.sckcen.be/pisa/aspx/viewer.aspx.
    3. Liability and Compensation for Nuclear, At:http://www.unep.org/DEPI/programmes/Liability-compen-papers.pdf,at 23.
    4. Convention on Biological Diversity,Rio 1992,at:http://www.cbd.int/doc/legal/cbd-un-en.pdf.
Law Quarterly
Volume 47, Issue 2
Summer 2017
Pages 345-362