CONFLICT OF RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF CONTRACT AND CONSUMER RIGHT

Document Type : Research Paper

Author

PhD of Private Law, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Tehran

Abstract

Consumer right has totally appeared at postmodern law as a constitutional right and even as a legal principle. Therefore, the consumer right has moderated the sanctity of freedom of contract and its constitutional value as a general principle of law. Waiving theoretical discussions, we are to study actually the decline of freedom of contract and the rise of consumer right in the statutes and the courts decisions particularly in two important aspects of the consumer right: compulsory contracts and illegality of discrimination.

Keywords


الف) فارسی
ایمانی، عباس و قطمیری، امیررضا (1388). قانون اساسی در نظم حقوقی کنونی، چاپ اول، انتشارات نامۀ هستی.
برلین، آیزایا (1368). چهار مقاله در آزادی، ترجمۀ محمدعلی موحد، چاپ دوم، انتشارات خوارزمی.
جعفری‌‌تبار، حسن (1383). مبانی فلسفی تفسیر حقوقی، چاپ اول، شرکت سهامی انتشار.
جعفری‌لنگرودی، محمدجعفر (1374). ترمینولوژی حقوق، چاپ هفتم، انتشارات گنج دانش.
کاتوزیان، ناصر (1380). حقوق مدنی، قواعد عمومی قراردادها، جلد اول، چاپ پنجم، شرکت سهامی انتشار.
ــــــــــــــــــــ (1387). «محدودیت‌‌های آزادی قراردادی بر مبنای حمایت از مصرف‌‌کننده»، فصل‌نامۀ حقوق، مجلۀ دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران، دورۀ 38، شمارۀ 3.
میل، جان استوارت (1385). رسالۀ دربارۀ آزادی، ترجمۀ جواد شیخ‌‌الاسلامی، چاپ پنجم، نشر علمی و فرهنگی.
هاشمی، سیدمحمد (1384). حقوق بشر و آزادی‌‌های اساسی، چاپ اول، نشر میزان.
ــــــــــــــــــــ (1382). حقوق اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران (اصول و مبانی کلی نظام)، چاپ پنجم، نشر میزان.
 
ب) انگلیسی
Alpha G. (2005). New perspectives in the Protection of Consumers, European business Law Review.
Alston P. & Steiner H. J. (2000). International Human Rights in Context: Law, Politics, Morals, Text and Materials, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press.
Alston P. (1979). "Human Rights and Basic Needs", A Critical Assessment, 39 Human Rights Journal.
Atiyah P.S. (1979). The rise and fall of freedom of contract.
Barnett Randy E. (1992). The Function of Several Property and Freedom of Contract, 9 Soc. PHIL. & POL'Y.
Benohr Iris and Micklitz Hans – W. (2010). Consumer Protection and Human Rights, in Howells G., Ramsay I., Wilhelmsson T. and Kraft D. (eds.), Handbook of Research on International Consumer Law, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
Benson Peter (2010). Contract, in: Patterson Dennis, A Companion to Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory Second edition, Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Brownsword Roger (1994). The philosophy of welfarism and its emergence in the modern English law of contract, in: Roger Brownsword, Gerant Howells and Thomas Wlhelmsson (edition), Welfarism in contract law, Darmouth.
Butt M., Keubert J. and Schultz C. (1999). Fundamental Social Rights in Europe, Working Paper, European Parliament, DG for Research, Social Affairs Series.
Calais Auloy J.et Temple H. (2010). Droit de la Consommation, 8e éd., Dalloz.
Carbonnier Jean (1994). Droit civil, T. 4, Les obligations, 18e éd., Paris, P.U.F.
Caumes Clémentine (2010). L’interprétation du contrat au regard des droits fondamentaux, Thèse, l’Université d’Avignon et des pays de Vaucluse.
Decocq A. (1960). Essai d’une théorie générale des droits sur la personne, LGDJ.
Deutsch S. (1994). "Are Consumer Rights Human Rights?" Osgood Hall Law Journal, Vol. 32, No 3.
Eide A. and Rosas A. (2001). Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A Universal Challenge, in: Eide A., Krause C. and Rosas A. (eds), Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, A Textbook, 2nd revised ed., The Hague, Kluwer.
Flathman Richard E. (1987). The philosophy and politics of freedom, University of Chicago Press.
Gahdoun P.-Y. (2008). La liberté contractuelle dans la jurisprudence du Conseil constitutionnel, Thèse, Monpollier.
Ginsburg Douglas H. and Bork Judge (2008). Consumer Welfare, and Antitrust Law, 31 Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy.
Green T.H. (1906). Liberal Legislation and the freedom of Contract, R.L. Nettleship ed.
Harding C., Kohl U. and Sakmon N. (2008). Human Rights in the Marketplace: the Exploitation of rights Protection by Economic Actors, Aldershot: Ashgate.
Kenner J. (2003). Economic and Social Rights in the EU legal order, in: Harvey T. and Kenner J.(eds), Economic and social Rights under the EU charter of fundamental Rights, A legal Perspective, Oxford and Portland, Hart publishing.
Kessler Friedrich & Fine Edith (1964). Culpa in Contrahendo, Bargaining in Good Faith, and Freedom of Contract: A Comparative Study, 77 HARV. L. REV.
Kristjdnsson Kristjin (1992). What Is Wrong with Positive Liberty?, 18 Soc.Theory Pract.
Kronman Anthony T. (1980). Contract Law and Distributive Justice, 89 YALE L.J.
Lajoye Christophe (2002). De la valeur constitutionnel de la liberté contractuelle, C.R.D.F., n1.
Lefebvre Francis (2000). Droit des Affaires, Concurrence-Consommation, Dalloz.
Letowska E. (2007). The Constitutional Aspects of Consumer Protection in Poland, liberamicon bernd Stauder.
Luchaire F. (1982). Les fondement constitutionnels du droit civil, R.T.D. Civ.
Mestre J. L. (1984). Le conseil constitutionnel, la liberté d'entreprendre et la propriété, Dalloz Chronique.
Patterson Dennis (2010). A Companion to Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory, Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Pauliat H. (1995). "L’objectif constitutionnel de droit à un logement décent: vers le constat de décès du droit de propriété?", Dalloz, Chron.
Posner R. A. (1992). Economic Analysis of Law, 4th. ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company.
RÉMY P. (2003). "Ouverture", in Les concepts contractuels français à l'heure des Principes du droit européen des contrats, sous la direction de P. Remy-Corlay et D. Fenouillet, Dalloz.
Revet Th. (1998). "La personne et l’argent", Mélanges Ch. Mouly, Litec.
Sayag A. (1969). Essai sur le besoin créateur de droit, Th. LGDJ.
Spits J. F. (2007). "Qui dit contractual, dit juste": Quelques Remarques sur formule d'Alfred Fouillée, RTD civ.
Starck Boris (1998). Roland Henri et Boyer Laurent, Droit civil, Les obligations, T. II, Contrat, 6e éd., Paris, Litec.
Terré Francois, Simler Philippe et Lequette Yves (2002). Droit Civil, Les Obligations, 8e éd., Paris, Dalloz.
Trebilcock M.J. & Dewees D.N. (1981). Judicial Control of Standard Form Contracts, in: Burrows P. and Veljanovski C.G.(eds), The Economic approach to Law, London, Butterworths.
Weiss M. (2002). The Politics of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, in: Hepple B. (ed.), Social and Labour Rights in a Global Context, Cambridge University Press.
Wiedenbaum M. (1983). Is the U.N. becoming a global nanny? The Case of Consumer Protection Guidelines, St Louis Centre for the study of American Business.
Wiedenboun M. (1987). "The Case Againest The United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection", Journal of Consumer Policy.