تحلیل حقوقی قاعدۀ اصل سند در دنیای مجازی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار گروه حقوق خصوصی دانشکدۀ حقوق دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

چکیده

   بر اساس «قاعدۀ اصل سند»، وقتی سندی به عنوان دلیل ابراز می‌گردد، اصل سند (نه کپی آن) باید ارائه شود. نظر به اینکه تلقی سند الکترونیک به‌مثابه اصل به سبب ماهیت آن دشوار است، قاعدۀ یادشده در بسیاری از کشورها لغو شده است. مقررات نمونۀ آنسیترال و همچنین قانون تجارت الکترونیک ایران با پیش‌دستی در این خصوص مشکل را حل کرده‌اند؛ با تصریح به این امر که ارزش اثباتی داده‌پیام را صرفاً به این دلیل که در شکل اصلی خود نمود نیافته است، نمی‌توان رد کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE "ORIGINAL DOCUMENT RULE" IN CYBER SPACE

نویسنده [English]

  • Parviz Savrai
Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Iran
چکیده [English]

The “original document rule” provides when a document is adduced as substantive evidence of its contents. Due to the nature of electronic document which is difficult to class as original, the said rule has been abolished by many jurisdictions. The UNCITRAL Model Law as well as Iranian Electronic Commerce Law pre-empts this by making it clear that a data message shall not be denied admissibility as evidence on the ground that it is not in its original form.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • best evidence rule
  • electronic document
  • original document rule & data message
الف) فارسی:
1. قانون تجارت الکترونیک، 1382.
2. آریا، ناصر (1372)، فرهنگ اصطلاحات کامپیوتر و شبکه‌های کامپیوتری، تهران، مرکز تحقیقات تخصصی حسابداری و حسابرسی.
3. جعفری لنگرودی، محمدجعفر (1378)، مبسوط در ترمینولوژی حقوق، چاپ اول، گنج دانش، جلد اول.
4. مدنی، سید جلال‌الدین (1370ادلۀاثباتدعوا، چاپ اول٬ گنج دانش.
5. نیوتن، هری، فرهنگ تشریحی کامپیوتر، شبکه، اینترنت و اصطلاحات ارتباطات، مترجم: مهدوی، محمدحسن (1383)، چاپ اول، تهران، خانۀ نشر هزاره.
 
ب) خارجی:
-          Documents
1 - Federal Rules of Evidence (As amended Apr. 26, 2011, eff. Dec. 1, 2011)
2 - Harmonization of ICT Policies, (2011), Legislation and Regulatory Procedures in the Caribbean (HIPCAR), Establishment of Harmonized Policies for the ICT Market in the ACP Countries, Electronic Evidence: Assessment Report, ITU.
3 - Law Reform Commission, Dublin, (2009), FIRST PUBLISHED, DOCUMENTARY AND ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE.
4 - Public Record Office Victoria, (2010), Evidence and Electronic Public Records, Advice to Victorian Agencies, Advice 21 (The Advice provides general information to Victorian government agencies about the record keeping implications of the Evidence Act 2008).
5 - State of New South Wales, the Department of Attorney General and Justice, (2011), A Handbook for Justices of the Peace in New South Wales, (Appendix, Ruling 001 & 002, Certifying a Copy of a Document, When the Original is in Electronic Form), Sydney.
6 – The Law Commission, (Advice from the Law Commission), (2001), Electronic Commerce: Formal Requirements in Commercial Transactions. http://www.lawcom.gov.uk
7 - United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), (1996), The Model Law on Electronic Commerce.
8 - United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, (1999), UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce with Guide to Enactment 1996, New York.
 
-Books and articles
1 - Aubry et Rau, (1958), Cours de Droit Civil Francais, T. 12, Paris.
2 - Black, Henry Campbell, (1979), Black's Law Dictionary, West Publishing Company.
3 - Chasse, Ken, (2007), Electronic Records as Documentary Evidence, 6 Canadian Journal of Law and Technology.
4 - Chissick, M., and Kelman, A., (2000), Electronic Commerce Law and Practice, Sweet & Maxwell.
5 - Ellis Wild, Susan (Editor), (2006), Webster’s New World Law Dictionary, John Wiley & Sons.
6 - Goode, Steven, (2009-2010), The Admissibility of Electronic Evidence, Vol. 29 No 1 Rev. Litig.
7 - Mason, Stephen, (2009), Electronic Evidence and the Meaning of Original, Amicus Curiae Issue 79 Autumn.
8 - Nance, Dale A., (1987-1988), The Best Evidence Principle 73 Iowa Law Review.
9 - Storm, Peter M., (1984), Comments, Admitting Computer Generated Records: A Presumption of Reliability, The John Marshall Law Review, Vol. 18:115.
 
- Cases
- Aguimatang v. California State Lottery, 234 Cal. App. 3d 769, 798.
- Forbes v Samuel, [1913] 3 KB 706.
- Jack R. Lorraine and Beverly Mack v. Markel American Insurance Company, Civil Action No. PWG-06-1893, heard in the United States District Court for the District of Maryland.
- Laughner v. State, 769 N.E.2d 1147 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002).
- Lorraine v. Markel American, 241 F.R.D. 534 (D. Maryland 2007).
- Omychund v. Barker (1745) 1 Atk, 21, 49; 26 ER 15, 33.
- R v. Daye, [1908] 2 KB 333.
- R. v. Bell and Bruce (1982), 35 O.R. (2d) 164, affirmed [1985] 2 S.C.R. 287.
- R. v. Bicknell (1988), 41 C.C.C. (3d) 545 (B.C.C.A.)
- R v. Maqsud Ali [1966] 1 QB 688.
- R v. Spiby [1990] 91 Cr App R 186.
- R. v. Vanlerberghe (1978), 6 C.R. (3d) 222 (B.C.C.A.).
- Roe d. West v Davis, 7 East 363, 103 Eng Rep 140 (KB 1806).
- State v. Stephens, Mo. App., 556 S.W.2d 722, 723.
- State v. Taylor, 178 N.C. App. 395 (2006).
Strico v. Cotto, 67 Misc.2d 636, 324 N.Y.S.2d 483 & 486.
The Statue of Liberty [1968] 1 WLR 739, per Simon P